How to alalyze medical terminologies and terms

-[ ]ectomy = to cut out (remove) appendectomy, tonsillectomy

-osis = abnormal condition cyanosis (due to cold or low oxygen)

-itis= inflammation tonsillitis, appendicitis

-otomy = to cut into tracheotomy

-ostomy = to make “a mouth “ colostomy (to make an opening in colon)

-a/an = without anemia (literally no blood but means few red cells)

Micro = small macrostomia

Mega = enlarge megacolon

Scopy = to observe colonscopy

Graphy = recording an image mammography

Gram = the x-ray image mammogram

Ology = study, specialize in cardiologist, nephrologists

Important notes:

Whenever you see these endings (graphy – graph – gram) they relate to recording an image such as (x-ray, CT, or MRI scan…..etc)

Mammography is the process of recording
Mammography is the image itself

A recording of heart activity is called an electrocardiography using an electrocardiograph
A recording of brain activity is called an electroencephalogram using an electroencephalograph.

Hope it was simple and helpful
I will post some roots meanings later on.

Stomato = …………….mouth………….as in(stomatitis)

Dento = ………………teeth…………..as in (dentist)

Glosso/linguo = ……….tongue………..as in (glossitis, lingual nerve)

Gingivo =……………..gums…………..as in (gingivitie)

Encephalo = …………...brain…………as in (encephalitis)

Gastro = ………………stomach………as in (gastritis)

Procto = ……………..anus/rectum……as in (prctitis)

Hepato = …………….liver……………as in (hepatitis, hepatomegaly)

Nephro/rene = ………kidney…………as in (nephritis, renal artery)

Orchido = …………..testis……………as in (orchiditis)

Oophoro =…………..ovary…………..as in (oophorectomy)

Salping = …………...uteriuetubes……as in (hystosalpingogram)

Dermo = ……………skin…………….as in (dermatitis)

Masto/mammo =…….breast………….as in (mammography)

Osteo =………………bones………….as in (osteoporsis)

Cardio = ……………heart…………..as in (electrocardiogram) – my favorite word!-

Rhino = …………….nose…………..as in (rhinitis)

Hemo/emia =……….blood………….as in (hematologist, anemia)

Pneumo/pulmo=……lung…………..as in (pulmonologist) –pneumo is really hard word to say -

Now if you noticed that some organs have more than one root. That is because some of them are Greek and others are Latin.

I’m sure you noticed that the suffix “itis” is widely used, make sure you focus on that suffix because it is so important.

Colors terms!

Leuk/o = …………….white…………..as in (leukemia)

Melan/o = ……………black…………..as in (melanoma – black tumor of the skin)

Cyan/o = …………….blue………….as in (cyanosis – blueness due to cold or hypoxia)

Xanth/o = ……………yellow…………as in (xanthoma) yellow tumor)

Now directions:

( I faced real trouble recognizing the differences between them; it is more easier after getting them like this).

Endo = ……………within, inside of………as in (endoscopy) : inspect the inside of an organ or space with a lighted instrument

Circum = ………..around………………..as in (circumcise)

Retro = ……………behind ………………as in (retrosternal – behind the breast bones-)

Trans = …………..through ………………as in (transurethral )

Intra = …………….within ……………….as in (intravenous – IV-)

Sub = ……………...below……………….as in (subclavian)

thank's Dania, God bless u !!

Now tumors!
Adding –oma (swolling) to organ and tissue word roots names tumors

Aden/o = ………………..gland……………as in (adenoma)

Lip/o = ………………….fat ………………as in (lipoma)

My/o = ………………….muscle…………..as in (myoma)

Lymph/o = ……………..lymph tissue……..as in (Lymphoma)

Carcin/o = ………………malignant………..as in (carciuoma)

I will start with circulatory system disease:

Lets make sure first to understand these few words :

Brady/tachy = ---------slow/fast--------------bradycadia (rate>60) , tachycardia (rate<100)

Angi/o = --------------vessel------------------angiograph

Veno/phlebo=---------vein--------------------- venogram, phlebitis

-stasis = ---------------to stop -------------------hemostasis (stop bleeding)

-cyte = -----------------cell(we all know that)---erythrocytes

Hem/o = --------------blood ( we mentioned it)

Cardi/o = ------------heart ( we all know)

I will mention some diseases that we all know all about but to get you more used to the English words to describe it:

I will start with MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION:
An infarction is blocking of blood flow resulting in death of muscle tissue
Yes right ( heart attack)
The blockage occurs in a coronary artery, and depending on how musch tissue dies a victim of (MI) may survive and undergo cardiac rehabilitation, strengthening the remaining heart muscle, or may die if too much muscle tissue is destroyed.

Mitral prolapse, stensis, regurgitation :

Blood flows through four chambers in the heart separated by one-way valves. A major valve is the one separating the upper and lower chambers on the left side of the heart. The left side is especially important because freshly oxygenated blood returning from the lungs is circulated out of the heart to the rest of the body. The left valve, called atrioventricular,( I know you will immedietly know the meaning in Arabic but please try not to) for the chambers it separates, is also called the mitral valve, because it is shaped like an upside down Bishop's hat, a miter. If the flaps of this valve tear away due to disease, the process is called prolapse, "a falling forward". This results in leakage and backward flow called "regurgitation". Sometimes a valve is abnormally narrow causing partial obstruction constricting flow. Stenosis means "a narrowing".

[Ischemia- Sometimes the heart muscle is not getting enough blood flow, more importantly, the oxygen the blood carries is insufficient to sustain muscle which has a very high metabolic rate, and oxygen demand. The term loosely means "not quite enough blood". Typically, the patient suffers angina pain and they may think they are having a heart attack. And, they may be!

Now let’s start with Nervous system:

Cephal/o= ----------------head--------------------- ( encephalitis, anecephalic – born with out a brain!)

Mening/o = --------------membranes------------- (meningitis)

Myel/o = -----------------spinal cord -------------- (myelogram)

Dys = -------------------difficult, painful abnormal---- (dyslexia – difficulty reading)

Cele = ----------------hernia, abnormal, protrusion of structure out of normal anatomical position -------------- (Meningomyelocele)

Pathy = --------------disease, abnormality ----------- (encephalopathy)

Plasia = ---------------development, formation --------(hyperplasia , aplasia )

Plegia = ----------------paralysis ----------------------- ( hemiplegia, quandriplegia )

I will continue later today God willing. But before I do if you are interesting in reading in English nervous system's books and diseases make sure to memorize these, it will make it way easier.

Multiple Sclerosis- MS is a disease of unknown cause that manifests as multiple hard plaques of degeneration of the insulating layer of nerve fibers in the central nervous system. The loss of insulation allows "short circuiting" of nerve impulses. Depending upon where the degeneration occurs, patients may suffer paralysis, sensory disturbances or blindness.

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)- the fancy name for a "stroke" . A blood vessel in the brain may burst causing internal bleeding. Or, a clot may arise in a brain blood vessel (a thrombus), or arise elsewhere (embolus) and travel to get stuck in a brain vessel which then deprives brain tissue of oxygen. Depending upon the area of the brain involved, the patient may suffer paralysis, loss of speech or loss of vision.

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)- "Ischemia" was introduced previously in the circulatory diseases. It literally means "not quite enough blood". A short period of insufficient blood supply to the brain can have the same signs and symptoms as a stroke such as weakness in an arm, a partial loss of vision, but the problem lasts less than 24 hours. People who get TIA's are at increased risk of having a stroke in the future.

Epilepsy- a Greek word for "seizure". Convulsions are another term used. Seizures may have many causes and not all seizures are epilepsy. High fevers in young children may trigger seizures which are short in duration, easily controlled and, typically, have no permanent aftereffects. Epilepsy is a specific condition which may occur at any age, seizures are more intense, longer lasting in duration, and recur with some frequency. The condition may be controlled with medication, or if unresponsive to drugs, may require surgery.

Now of course I didn’t put all the pre-suff-root words meanings but if you faced any new word that wasn’t represented here you can go to
http://cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk/omd/
It is awesome! Believe me…

I will start with the digestive system.

Good Luck

thanks aramis

Chol/e------------------- Gall, bile-------------------- Cholecystitis, cholecystectomy
(inflammation of, removal of gallbladder)

Cyst/o------------ Bladder, sac----------

Emes/o----------- Vomit---------------------- Emesis (vomiting), emetic
(stimulating vomiting), antiemetic (stopping vomiting)

Lith/o--------------- Stone----------------- Cholelithotomy (removal of gall stones)

Lapar/o---------------- Abdominal wall---------- Laparotomy (cutting into the abdomen)

-centesis---------- To puncture---------------- Abdominocentesis (puncturing and draining)

-tripsy-------------- To crush----------------- Cholelithotripsy (smashing gall stones with sound waves)

-rrhea-------------- Flow, discharge----------- Diarrhea

Jaundice- Literally means "yellow" in French. Yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes from a backup of bile metabolic by-products from the blood into body tissues. May result from blockage of the ducts draining bile from the liver into the intestines or excessive breakdown of red blood cells. Hemoglobin from destroyed RBC' s is broken down, and in part, ends up in bile secretions.
Cirrhosis- Literally, "orange-yellow" in Greek. A degenerative disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcoholics, but can have other causes. The name refers to the gross appearance of the organ

Crohn's Disease- a chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel. Typical symptoms are abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea. There may also be rectal bleeding that can lead to anemia. Special X-rays and tests are needed to differentiate Crohn's from other diseases with similar symptoms.

,Tomorrow we will start with how to analyz respiratory system's terminologies

Ramadan mobarak
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Laryng/o------------- Larynx, "voice box"----------------- Laryngotomy, Laryngectomy (cutting into, surgically removing the larynx)

Trache/o------------------ Trachea, "windpipe"---------------- Tracheotomy, tracheostomy (temporary and permanent openings)

Bronch/o------------ Lung air passageways--------------- Bronchoscopy (looking into the bronchi)

Pne/u, -----------pnea Breath, air, lung------------------------ Tachypnea, dyspnea, apnea (accelerated, difficult/painful, cessation of breathing)

Pulmo/o----------------- Lung ------------------------ Pulmonary artery

-ptysis------------------ Spitting (coughing) -------------------- Hemoptysis (spitting or coughing up blood from lungs)

-plasty--------------- Reconstruction-------------------- Rhinoplasty (surgical reconstruction of nose)