سيدة مع سرطان مثانة

I don't know the answer, but something to be mentioned about this cancer, its relationship with smoking is more than lung cancer itself.

Generally, radical cystectomy is the gold standard treatment in most countries for muscle-invasive bladder tumours

we are talking about a tumor thats not superficial anymore , invading muscularis propria layer risking the surrounding blood vessels and lymph nodes

Environmental Factors triggering bladder cancer are intresting , adding more :

Schistosomiasis ( S.hematobium -common in eygpt Nileriver )
Cyclophosphamide ttt (acrolein metabolite)
paints , dyes , ...

and thats y asking about drug history in hematuria pt is important since cyclophosphamide can cause hemorrhagica cystica too

so Indications for radical cystectomy include the following:

1.Infiltrating muscle-invasive bladder cancer without evidence of metastasis or with low-volume, resectable locoregional metastases (stage T2-T3b)
2.Superficial bladder tumors characterized by any of the following:
Refractory to cystoscopic resection and intravesical chemotherapy or immunotherapy
Extensive disease not amenable to cystoscopic resection
Invasive prostatic urethral involvement